Service Public, Intérêt Général, Ques aco ?

Par João Silveirinho
jeudi 24 février 2005
par  João Silveirinho
popularité : 1%

Service Public, Intérêt Général, Ques aco ?

Par Sylvain Ethiré

Le service public et l’intérêt général ont été, deux des multiples mamelles de notre modèle républicain. Face au triptyque (encore le religieux ?) Liberté-Egalité-Fraternité, le service public était, d’une certaine façon, un instrument égalitaire, et l’intérêt général une manifestation du genre fraternel.Ces notions ont toujours suscité des débats, et les adversaires n’ont pas manqué : ceux qui ne croient pas à l’égalité (parmi eux, bien sur, les racistes), ceux qui considèrent, non sans quelque raison, que l’intérêt général est un concept peu clair, difficile à faire apparaître dans le long terme, irrespectueux des intérêts des minorités, quand ceux qui le manient ne s’en servent pas, au pire, comme cache sexe d’intérêts particuliers.

Le modèle républicain centraliste français a pourtant fait passer les notions de service public et d’intérêt général dans le corpus de nos idées reçues, que l’on n’osait, sauf dandysme monarchiste ou originalité mondaine, remettre vraiment en cause. Les précautions ont toujours cours chez les politiques. Il ne s’agit jamais de nier l’intérêt du service public, mais de l’« aménager », de « mieux le définir ». On ne saurait aller contre l’intérêt général, mais il est vrai que sa manifestation traditionnelle (l’assemblée représentative issue du peuple) s’est considérablement affaiblie, en ces temps de 5e République, d’Union Européenne et de multiples bazars supranationaux. Ceci pour les superstructures. En bas, les communautarismes divers, les poussées individualistes (l’avantage de la liberté sur l’égalité et la fraternité ?) font avancer, dans certains cercles, la primauté d’intérêt général limité au local, bref d’intérêt capitaine ou caporal. Les politiques dites de discrimination positive posent également question. Quant au service public, les libéraux ont toujours souhaité le limiter au pouvoirs dits régaliens de l’Etat (justice, police, armée), laissant le reste livré aux bienfaits des mécanismes de marché. Cette bataille, qu’ils ont si longtemps perdue en France qu’ils avaient un temps renoncé à la livrer, fait à nouveau rage. A la question idéologique (marché versus Etat), se sont ajoutées des considérations diverses : efficacité, réputée moindre, de services fonctionnarisés, sédimentations diverses qui font que le service public ne répond plus aux attentes des citoyens, lieu de « politisation » excessive (l’entreprise, elle, n’est jamais politique).

Toujours est-il, on le sait, que le marché, au niveau mondial, envahit des secteurs considérés depuis longtemps comme ressortissant du service public (et de l’intérêt général) : transports, énergie, eau, postes et télécommunications, et maintenant santé et enseignement, voire une partie de l’activité judiciaire (il existe des prisons privées). Bruxelles met en avant la notion de service universel, assuré par des entités privées ou publiques : on remplace alors, pour faire court, l’égalité par la charité.


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